【Debian管理员手册】附录 B. 简短辅导课程

B.1. Shell 和基本命令

在Uinx 世界中，每一个管理员迟早都要使用命令行；例如，当系统可能启动失败后只给了一个命令行恢复模式。所以在这样的环境种能够使用命令行是一种基本的生存技能。

速览启动命令解释器

A command-line environment can be run from the graphical desktop, by an application known as a “terminal”. In GNOME, you can start it from the “Activities” overview (that you get when you move the mouse in the top-left corner of the screen) by typing the first letters of the application name. In Plasma, you will find it in the
K →
Applications →
System menu. 这一部分只会展示各个命令的简单用法，它们还有许多此处尚未描述的可用选项。请阅读它们对应的手册页，其中详细的文档可供你参考。

B.1.1. 浏览目录与管理文件

打开会话之后，
pwd 命令（
print working directory）会显示当前位置。当前目录可以通过
cd 目录命令（
cd即
change directory）。上级目录叫
..（两个点），当前目录为
.（一个点）。
ls 命令会
列举目录中的内容，若没有参数，则其将对当前目录进行操作。

$ pwd
/home/rhertzog
$ cd 桌面
$ pwd
/home/rhertzog/桌面
$ cd .
$ pwd
/home/rhertzog/桌面
$ cd ..
$ pwd
/home/rhertzog
$ ls
桌面  下载  图片  模板  文档  音乐  公共  视频

您可以使用
mkdir 目录名 命令创建一个新的目录，且可以使用
rmdir 目录名 命令删除一个已存在的（空的）目录。
mv 命令可以
移动和/或重命名文件和目录；
删除一个文件可以使用
rm 文件名 命令来完成。

$ mkdir test
$ ls
桌面    下载  图片  模板  视频
文档  音乐      公共    test
$ mv test new
$ ls
桌面   下载  new       公共     视频
文档  音乐      图片  模板
$ rmdir new
$ ls
桌面    下载  图片  模板  视频
文档  音乐      公共

B.1.2. 显示和修改文本文件

cat 文件名命令（用于
连接（concatenate）文件并将内容送至标准输出设备）读取文件并将其内容显示在终端上。如果文件过大而不适合屏幕显示的话，可以使用一个分页器进行辅助，例如
less（或者
more）以按页在屏幕上显示内容。 The
editor command starts a text editor (such as
vi or
nano) and allows creating, modifying and reading text files. The simplest files can sometimes be created directly from the command interpreter thanks to redirection:
echo "text" >file creates a file named
file with “
text” as its contents. Adding a line at the end of this file is possible too, with a command such as
echo "moretext" >>file. Note the
>> in this example.

B.1.3. 搜索文件和在文件中搜索

The
find directory criteria command looks for files in the hierarchy under
directory according to several criteria. The most commonly used criterion is
-name name: that allows looking for a file by its name. The
grep expression files command searches the contents of the files and extracts the lines matching the regular expression (see sidebar
BACK TO BASICS Regular expression). Adding the
-r option enables a recursive search on all files contained in the directory passed as a parameter. This allows looking for a file when only a part of the contents are known.

B.1.4. 管理进程

The
ps aux command lists the processes currently running and helps identifying them by showing their
pid (process id). Once the
pid of a process is known, the
kill -signal pid command allows sending it a signal (if the process belongs to the current user). Several signals exist; most commonly used are
TERM (a request to terminate gracefully) and
KILL (a forced kill). The command interpreter can also run programs in the background if the command is followed by a “&”. By using the ampersand, the user resumes control of the shell immediately even though the command is still running (hidden from the user; as a background process). The
jobs command lists the processes running in the background; running
fg %job-number (for
foreground) restores a job to the foreground. When a command is running in the foreground (either because it was started normally, or brought back to the foreground with
fg), the
Control+
Z key combination pauses the process and resumes control of the command-line. The process can then be restarted in the background with
bg %job-number (for
background).

B.1.5. 系统信息：内存、磁盘空间、身份信息

The
free command displays information on memory;
df (
disk free) reports on the available disk space on each of the disks mounted in the filesystem. Its
-h option (for
human readable) converts the sizes into a more legible unit (usually mebibytes or gibibytes). In a similar fashion, the
free command supports the
-m and
-g options, and displays its data either in mebibytes or in gibibytes, respectively.

$ free
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:       16279260     5910248      523432      871036     9845580     9128964
Swap:      16601084      240640    16360444
$ df
Filesystem                1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
udev                        8108516         0   8108516   0% /dev
tmpfs                       1627928    161800   1466128  10% /run
/dev/mapper/vg_main-root  466644576 451332520  12919912  98% /
tmpfs                       8139628    146796   7992832   2% /dev/shm
tmpfs                          5120         4      5116   1% /run/lock
tmpfs                       8139628         0   8139628   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1                    523248      1676    521572   1% /boot/efi
tmpfs                       1627924        88   1627836   1% /run/user/1000

The
id command displays the identity of the user running the session, along with the list of groups they belong to. Since access to some files or devices may be limited to group members, checking available group membership may be useful.

$ id
uid=1000(rhertzog) gid=1000(rhertzog) groups=1000(rhertzog),24(cdrom),25(floppy),27(sudo),29(audio),30(dip),44(video),46(plugdev),108(netdev),109(bluetooth),115(scanner)